Lymphatic cystic malformations (LCMs) are rare, benign anomalies that, despite being congenital, may not be diagnosed until adulthood. LCMs that affect the skin, mucous membranes or underlying soft tissues are referred to as superficial LCMs, while those involving deeper organs are termed deep LCMs. Genetically, LCMs result from the activation of a somatic postzygotic mutation in the PIK3CA gene that disrupts and activates the PI3K/ATK/mTOR cell-signaling pathway involved in lymphangiogenesis, which predicts a good response to mTOR inhibitors. We report here on the case of a 23-year-old patient who presented in 2010 with both superficial and deep LCMs, and whose symptoms regress following treatment with mTOR inhibitors.

Pulmonary carcinosarcoma is a rare neoplasm of the lung that accounts for 0.3–1% of all primary lung cancer cases, and is characterized by the presence of both carcinomatous epithelial and malignant mesenchymal components. Tumors exhibit aggressive behavior and significant metastatic potential, and there is a high likelihood of recurrence. The primary treatment is surgical, however, the two-year survival rate remains below 10%. We present here an analysis of seven patients diagnosed with lung carcinosarcoma whose diagnosis was confirmed through histopathological examination and the immunohistochemical analysis of tumor biopsies. This case series provides new insights into the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pulmonary carcinosarcoma, highlighting potential differences in a comparison with existing literature.

Pulmonary actinomycosis is a bacterial disease caused by actinomyces species with nonspecific clinical and radiologic findings that make it difficult to diagnose, and that is mistaken for malignancy. We present here the case of 29-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with a cough that had been intermittently worsening for the last 3 years, and who was diagnosed with pulmonary actinomycosis based on transbronchial biopsy, despite the absence of bronchoscopic lesions.

A 67-year-old male with lung cancer presented to the emergency department with complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, cough and sputum, and was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Computed thoracic tomography revealed a cavitary consolidation lesion in the left lower lobe, and high C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were detected. The patient was subsequently transferred to the clinic, where a foul-smelling purulent sputum developed and CRP and PCT were increased. H. alvei was isolated form a sputum sample that was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and susceptible to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam. The patient was treated with combined empirical antibiotics and then discharged..

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a rare underlying cause of frequent recurrent pneumonia in adults. The primary pathophysiology of CVID is impaired antibody response to the antigens associated with immunoglobulin deficiency, resulting from B lymphocyte pathologies. Frequent recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, accompanying autoimmune comorbidities, and significant associations with malignancies make the early diagnosis and treatment of the condition crucial. We present here the case of a 68-year-old patient diagnosed with CVID following etiological investigations for recurrent pneumonia, discussed in the context of the current literature.

Lymphangiomas are benign tumors originating from the lymphatic system, and it is very rare to be seen in adults and located in the mediastinum. In our study, we presented our case of mediastinal cystic lymphangioma, which we detected in a 60-year-old male patient.

Organizing pneumonia is characterized histopathologically by the accumulation and proliferation of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and collagen within the alveolar and bronchiolar lumens, with such potential causes as drug reactions, radiation therapy, collagen vascular diseases and infections. In cases with a specific cause, the condition is referred to as secondary organizing pneumonia, and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia when no cause is apparent. Radiologically, nodules or mass lesions accompanied by air bronchograms may be observed together with patchy peripheral alveolar consolidations. Although not present in every case, the reverse halo sign is an important radiological finding. While clinical-radiological diagnosis is possible, it must be confirmed histopathologically. When steroids appropriate dosages and durations are applied, the results are usually outstanding.

A 30-year-old male patient with no comorbidities was admitted to hospital after developing a pulmonary embolism and was started on warfarin treatment. His hepatic enzymes increased progressively. In the early period after warfarin, an elevated liver function test was observed on the 4th day. Hepatotoxicity was thought to have developed secondary to warfarin, and the enzymes decreased gradually after the warfarin treatment was discontinued. We present this case as evidence of the possible development of hepatotoxicity secondary to warfarin treatment, even in the early period of treatment, and to discuss the management and follow-up outcomes of such patients.