Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is predominantly an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by recurrent respiratory infections stemming from impaired ciliary motility. Granulomatous polyangiitis is a necrotizing vasculitic disease marked by granulomatous inflammation in the vascular wall that often manifests in the lungs with cavitating nodules, masses and consolidations. A 24-year-old female patient presented to our clinic complaining of dyspnea, productive cough and pleuritic chest pain, and was diagnosed with Kartagener Syndrome based on her situs inversus, bronchiectasis and sinusitis. Subsequent genetic tests and further clinical evaluations, including thoracic CT, revealed findings of cavitating nodules, PR3-ANCA positivity and leukocytic vasculitis from a skin biopsy pathology, confirming the coexistence of PCD and granulomatous polyangiitis.

Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis (NSG) is a rare disease with non-specific clinical symptoms that may be confused with other conditions, leading potentially to delayed diagnosis. It is characterized histopathologically by sarcoid-like granulomas, vasculitis and varying degrees of necrosis. We present here the case of a 52-year-old male who presented with NSG in rare locations (the skin and nose), discussing not only the clinical, radiological and histopathological features of this rare disease, but also the treatment and prognosis.

Pulmonary embolisms take two forms, depending on whether the cause is thrombotic or non-thrombotic. Although emboli with non-thrombotic causes are rare, they should not be ignored during diagnosis. In such cases, a detailed anamnesis should be taken, existing risk factors should be inquired, and additional tests should be made before making a firm diagnosis. In our case, a hydatid cyst embolism that occluded a large part of the pulmonary artery had been identified as a medium–high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism during hospitalization in an external center and thrombolytic treatment had been started. As the patient’s symptoms were identified as unresolved during an outpatient clinic check-up, a hydatid cyst was diagnosed based on the results of a transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy and treatment was started.

Breath-hold diving, known also as freediving, is a form of underwater diving in which one holds their breath, making use of no breathing equipment. The complications associated with breath-hold diving have not been well studied in literature, in contrast to scuba diving. Hemoptysis risk is known to be correlated with deep diving. We present here the computed tomography findings of a breath-hold diver who presented with hemoptysis following a dive to 4 meters, which can be considered shallow in the sport. The patient’s chest computed tomography revealed multiple pneumatoceles within the areas of pulmonary hemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only a few cases reported to date in which pneumatoceles were identified associated with free diving.

A 36-year-old female patient diagnosed with asthma at an external center was referred to us after her complaints did not improve, at which point, hoarseness was added to the complaints. Stridor was identified in a respiratory system examination. Tracheal stenosis was seen in a postero-anterior chest X-ray and a fixed airway obstruction in a respiratory function test, upon which, the patient was referred to the ear, nose and throat department. Subglottic stenosis was detected on a neck computerized tomography and a bronchoscopy evaluation. The etiology of subglottic stenosis was evaluated, collagen tissue markers were positive, and the patient was asked to undergo a rheumatology consultation. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with Sjögren syndrome based on a salivary gland biopsy result. This rare case is presented to underline the need to keep Sjögren syndrome in mind as an etiology of subglottic stenosis.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonia is a lung disease with two forms – fibrotic and non-fibrotic – which predominantly progress with lymphocytic infiltration and granulomatous inflammation as a result of both humoral and cellular response following the exposure of susceptible individuals to any antigen. In cases with the appropriate clinical features, high-resolution lung tomography can aid the diagnosis. Coarse reticulations with irregular linear opacities/lung distortions, traction bronchiectasis and honeycombing, centrilobular nodules, ground glass densities, mosaic perfusions and air imprisonment areas can be counted among the most significant radiological features. Treatment withdrawal is the basis for corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapies, while antifibrotic agents hold promise as new treatment options in the future. In the present study, the diagnosis, imaging and treatment characteristics of three cases with Hypersensitivity Pneumonia diagnosed using different histopathological methods are reviewed in the light of current literature.

Scimitar syndrome is a congenital heart anomaly characterized by the drainage of one or more accessory veins, usually from the right pulmonary veins, into the right atrium. We present here the case of a 44-year-old patient who was followed up with a diagnosis of asthma but whose dyspnea continued despite treatment and who was subsequently diagnosed by thoracic tomography. It is important to perform additional investigations during the differential diagnosis of patients with respiratory symptoms.

Pulmonary sequestration (PS) is a rare congenital pulmonary dysplasia. The most important feature is vascularisation with Pulmonary sequestration (PS) is a rare form of congenital pulmonary dysplasia, with the most significant feature being vascularization with atypical arteries, generally originating in the thoracic and abdominal aorta. There are two forms of PS, interlobar (ILS) and extralobar (ELS), which are distinguishable based on their relationship with the visceral pleura. Surgical resection and ligation of the feeding vessels are the standard treatments for the condition. In the present study, two cases with different sequestration types are presented along with a review of the treatment options.